What Breaks the Fast Besides Food and Drink?

The short answer is above. What follows is the reasoning behind it, including where scholars differed.

The evidence

The Prophet ﷺ said that whoever forgets while fasting and eats or drinks should complete his fast, for Allah fed him and gave him drink (Sahih al-Bukhari 1933).

Deliberate vomiting requires making up the day, while involuntary vomiting does not (Sunan Abi Dawud 2380).

Contemporary scholars generally hold that non-nutritional injections, blood tests, eye and ear drops, and inhalers for asthma do not break the fast, given they do not constitute food or drink reaching the stomach.

In practice

• Intercourse during a Ramadan day carries an expiation (kaffarah) beyond making up the day.
• Do not fabricate rulings for medical situations; ask a scholar with the specifics.
• Rinsing the mouth is fine; exaggerating in it while fasting is discouraged.

None of this is complicated. The difficulty is entirely in the doing, and the doing starts with one repetition today.

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